Urinalysis

Urinalysis:-Urine is produced and excreted by the kidneys. Each kidney contains over one million functional units called Enthrones. The filtration part of each Nephron consists of a cup-shaped structure called the Bowman’s capsule which surrounds a mass of blood capillaries called theglomerular. The composition of urine depends on glomerular filtration, tubular re-absorption and tubular secretion. Aim: To detect the level of certain substances in the body as glucose, nitrites, Bilirubin, etc in the patient’s urine. Materials: patient urine, combi9 test strip, urine container, Test tube, centrifuging machine, sterile slide, cover slip, microscopy. COLLECTION OF URINESAMPLE Urine specimen is collected by given the patient a urine sterile container and shows the patient on where to go and ease. Sufficient urine is required. After collection, the urine is observed physically, chemically by dipping a urine combi9 strip for observing the particular substances or metabolites in the urine (henry, 2001). The urine is spin using a centrifuge so as to get the deposit by discarding the supernatant. A small portion of deposit is drop on a free grease slide for microscopic examination. FIGURE4: Urine Containers Principle:Urinalysis is used as a screening and or diagnostic tool because it helps detect different substances associated with different metabolic and kidney disorder. This involves visual, chemical and microscopic examination.Macroscopic examination: Early morning urine was collected from the patient. The color of the urine was observed whether the urine is amber, pale amber, deep amber or colorless. Normally fresh urine is pale amber or amber and concentrated is deep amber in color. Appearance of the urine was confirmed whether is clear, turbid, slightly turbid, and cloudy in appearance, chemical examination: The test strip was completely immersed in the urine sample and observed the following parameters: blood, Urobilinogen, Bilirubin, protein, nitrite, Ketenes, ascorbic acid, and glucose and pH- value in urine. The test strip is used for screening of diabetes, metabolic abnormalities, liver diseases, biliary, hepatic obstructions, hemolytic disease and diseases associated with kidney and urinary tract. MICROSCOPIC EXAMINATION. Procedure: 10mls of urine sample was dispense in a clean test tube and spun at 3000rpm for 5 minutes and decanted. A drop of well mixed Urine deposit was placed on a clean greases free slide. Cover slip was gently placed on it avoiding air bubbles and over floating It was placed on a microscope and examined by x10 and confirm with x40 objective lens. Interpretation of result:-Pus cell…………. ++Epithelial cell …………….. +++Crystals……………………NilRed blood cells…………….+++Ova…………………………NILCast …………………NIL.